Improving fluency in English speaking Skills
I. Introduction
Importance of fluency in English speaking skills
Overview of topics to be covered
II. Phonetics
A. List of Phonemes
Definition of phonemes
Examples of English phonemes, such as /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /w/, and /j/
B. List of Consonants and Vowel Sounds
Definition of consonants and vowel sounds
Examples of English consonants and vowel sounds, such as /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /w/, /j/, /i/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ɑ/, /ʌ/, /u/, /ʊ/, /o/, /ɔ/, and /ə/
III. Phonology
A. Allophones
Definition of allophones
Examples of English allophones, such as the aspirated /p/ sound in "pat" and the unaspirated /p/ sound in "spat"
B. Syllables
Definition of syllables
Examples of English syllables, such as "but-ter-fly," which has three syllables
IV. Pronunciation Rules
Overview of common pronunciation rules in English, such as the silent "e" rule and the "ch" pronunciation rule
Examples of each pronunciation rule
V. Common Expressions
A. Contractions
Definition of contractions
Examples of common English contractions, such as "can't," "won't," and "shouldn't"
B. Tongue Twisters
Definition of tongue twisters
Examples of common English tongue twisters, such as "She sells seashells by the seashore"
VI. Minimal Pairs
Definition of minimal pairs
Examples of English minimal pairs, such as "bat" and "pat," which have different meanings based on a single sound difference
VII. Conclusion
Recap of key points
Importance of practice in improving English speaking skills.
Speaking: improving speaking fluency
List of Phonemes+ examples:
List of consonants and vowel sounds+examples:
Allophones+ examples:
Syllables+ examples:
Pronunciation rules:
List of common Contractions in English:
List of Most Common Tongue twisters:
List of Minimal pairs:
Improving Fluency in English:
List of Phonemes + Examples
Phonemes are the basic units of sound in a language. Here are some of the most common phonemes in English with examples:
/b/ as in "bat"
/p/ as in "pat"
/t/ as in "top"
/d/ as in "dog"
/k/ as in "cat"
/g/ as in "go"
/f/ as in "fun"
/v/ as in "van"
/s/ as in "sit"
/z/ as in "zip"
/ʃ/ as in "ship"
/Ê’/ as in "vision"
/h/ as in "hat"
/m/ as in "man"
/n/ as in "no"
/Å‹/ as in "sing"
/l/ as in "left"
/r/ as in "right"
/j/ as in "yes"
/w/ as in "wet"
List of Consonants and Vowel Sounds + Examples
Consonants and vowels are the two types of sounds in English. Here is a list of the most common consonants and vowel sounds in English with examples:
Consonants:
/b/ as in "bat"
/p/ as in "pat"
/t/ as in "top"
/d/ as in "dog"
/k/ as in "cat"
/g/ as in "go"
/f/ as in "fun"
/v/ as in "van"
/s/ as in "sit"
/z/ as in "zip"
/ʃ/ as in "ship"
/Ê’/ as in "vision"
/h/ as in "hat"
/m/ as in "man"
/n/ as in "no"
/Å‹/ as in "sing"
/l/ as in "left"
/r/ as in "right"
/j/ as in "yes"
/w/ as in "wet"
Vowels:
/æ/ as in "cat"
/É‘/ as in "father"
/É”/ as in "caught"
/ɪ/ as in "sit"
/i/ as in "beet"
/e/ as in "bed"
/ÊŠ/ as in "put"
/u/ as in "boot"
/É™/ as in "about"
/É›/ as in "pen"
/ʌ/ as in "cup"
/o/ as in "boat"
/aɪ/ as in "ice"
/aÊŠ/ as in "house"
/ɔɪ/ as in "boy"
/ɪə/ as in "ear"
/eÉ™/ as in "air"
/ÊŠÉ™/ as in "tour"
Allophones + Examples
Allophones are variations of phonemes that occur in different contexts. Here are some examples of allophones in English:
/p/ as in "pin" and /pÊ°/ as in "spin"
/t/ as in "stop" and /tÊ°/ as in "top"
/k/ as in "skip" and /kÊ°/ as in "keep"
/s/ as in "sit" and /z/ as in "zip"
/p/ as in "spin" and /b/ as in "bin"
/t/ as in "tap" and /d/ as in "dab"
/k/ as in "cat" and /g/ as in "go"
/f/ as in "fish" and /v/ as in "very"
/θ/ as in "think" and /ð/ as in "this"
Syllables + Examples
A syllable is a unit of sound that contains a vowel sound. Here are some examples of syllables in English:
"but" has one syllable
"table" has two syllables
"camera" has three syllables
"elephant" has three syllables
"alphabet" has three syllables
"television" has four syllables
"university" has five syllables
Pronunciation Rules
Pronunciation rules help learners understand the sounds of English and how to produce them correctly. Here are some pronunciation rules in English:
The letter "a" can have different sounds depending on the word (e.g. "cat" vs. "car")
The letter "e" can be silent (e.g. "like") or pronounced as a long "e" sound (e.g. "meat")
The letter "h" is silent in some words (e.g. "hour") and pronounced in others (e.g. "house")
The letters "gh" can be pronounced in different ways (e.g. "laugh" vs. "enough")
The letter "r" can be pronounced in different ways (e.g. "car" vs. "water")
List of Common Contractions in English
Contractions are a way to shorten words and phrases in English. Here are some common contractions in English:
I'm = I am
you're = you are
he's = he is
she's = she is
it's = it is
we're = we are
they're = they are
can't = cannot
won't = will not
isn't = is not
aren't = are not
wasn't = was not
weren't = were not
doesn't = does not
didn't = did not
haven't = have not
hasn't = has not
hadn't = had not
List of Most Common Tongue Twisters
Tongue twisters are phrases that are difficult to say quickly and accurately. Here are some of the most common tongue twisters in English:
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
She sells seashells by the seashore.
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
Red lorry, yellow lorry.
Unique New York.
I saw Susie sitting in a shoe shine shop.
Toy boat. Toy boat. Toy boat.
Irish wristwatch.
The seething sea ceaseth and thus the seething sea sufficeth us.
I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won't wish the wish you wish to wish.
List of Minimal Pairs
Minimal pairs are words that differ in only one sound. They are useful for practicing pronunciation and distinguishing between similar sounds. Here are some examples of minimal pairs in English:
mat / met
pen / pin
bat / bet
sit/sat
ship / sheep
pat / pet
hat / hot
bit / bet
cap / cab
tack / tag
light / right
cat / cut
sell / cell
seen / sin
there / their
know / no
which / witch
peace / piece
meat / meet
grate / great
