Policy Review Paper
TOPIC: PROTECTION OF LABOUR RIGHTS IN PUNJAB,PAKISTAN: A CRITICAL APPARISAL OF POLICY FRAMEWORK AND WAY FORWARD
Executive Summary/Abstract
The critical assessment of Punjab's child labor policy in Pakistan is briefly summarized in this executive summary. The study explores the issues and areas that need to be improved with regard to the defense of labor rights, with an emphasis on child labor. Significant barriers are shown by the investigation, including a lack of protections for employees' rights, lax occupational safety and health regulations, a lack of social security coverage, exploitation and discrimination of weaker workers, insufficient pay protection, and restricted union rights. The study makes several recommendations to address these problems, including expanding social security benefits, increasing access to high-quality education, bolstering labor law enforcement, enhancing occupational safety and health regulations, combating exploitation and discrimination, ensuring fair wages, safeguarding union rights, and spending money on skill-development initiatives. Punjab may eradicate child labor, improve the welfare of its employees, and build a just and inclusive labor market for a thriving future by putting these ideas into practice.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
EFA Education for All
ILO International Labour Organization
NIPS National Institute of Population Studies
LFS Labour Force Survey
PBS Pakistan Bureau of Statistics
BE&OE Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment
UN-CRC United Convention on the Rights of the Child
NCLEP National Child Labor Elimination Policy
OSH Occupational safety and health
1. INTRODUCTION
The complex issue of child labor is influenced by several socioeconomic factors. The main causes of the predominance of child labor in Punjab, include poverty, restricted access to education, lax enforcement, cultural and societal issues, a lack of awareness, globalization, and the informal sector. Through a variety of factors, including job creation and destruction, changes in skill requirements, job polarization, remote work and flexibility, economic restructuring, and income distribution, scientific and technological advancements can have an impact on employment patterns. Low-skilled workers may experience unemployment as a result of scientific innovation since they are unable to meet the standards of new jobs. As a result, families are forced to send their children to work in the informal economy, whether voluntarily or out of need.
In Punjab, there are many parties involved in the complex issue of child labor, including the government, businesses, labor unions, civil society organizations, non-governmental organizations, local governments, families, and consumers. Child labor has serious repercussions on the economy, including stunted growth of human capital, cyclical poverty, and decreased productivity. In addition, it affects the environment because juveniles are exploited in deforestation, resource extraction, garbage recycling, agriculture, and mining.
Additionally, child labor violates children's rights and fuels intergenerational poverty, which has detrimental social repercussions. In Punjab, there is a severe problem with child labor that, if not properly addressed, might have long-term effects on people's moral and human rights, as well as their physical and mental development, social and emotional health, and overall well-being.
However, in Punjab, labor-related issues frequently elicit strong public reactions and worries. Discussions regarding working conditions, fairness, and social justice are sparked by labor disputes, strikes, pay negotiations, or abuses of labor rights. To counter this, the Punjabi government has implemented a number of initiatives. These steps include formulating legislation, reaffirming a commitment to achieving universal primary education, implementing school feeding programs to promote attendance and retention in schools, establishing rehabilitation and rescue facilities, launching public awareness campaigns to draw attention to the negative effects of child labor and inform communities about its detrimental effects, and working with international organizations. Despite these efforts, it is crucial to emphasize that totally eliminating child labor in Punjab is a difficult challenge that calls for a long-term commitment, addressing socioeconomic concerns, enhancing access to high-quality education, and maintaining the implementation of current laws.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Punjab has made improvements to its child labor regulations and compliance, but the region's child labor policy still has a lot of issues. In both the formal and informal sectors, gender discrimination, insufficient enforcement procedures, and a limited application of child labor laws are substantial obstacles to ensuring labor law compliance and improvements. These issues make it more challenging to uphold oppressive working conditions, defend the rights of employees, and establish an inclusive and egalitarian labor market. This criticism is an effort to examine and deal with these significant Punjab-specific challenges.
1.3 Scope
This paper intends to critically evaluate Punjab's most recent child labor policy (2020), with a focus on Punjab's protection and enforcement of child labor regulations. The analysis will include the key challenges to the policy's implementation as well as the functions of different parties, such as the Punjab government and national and international NGOs, in preserving the rights of children working. For this critical examination, which highlights the main issues with Punjab's labor law reforms and compliance, reputable publications and sources were used.
1.4 Research Methodology and Source of Data
To acquire a thorough grasp of the severity of the child labor problem, this study uses a qualitative research style that predominantly relies on credible published publications and reports. These resources were employed to evaluate Punjab's current child labor protection law revisions and compliance procedures critically.
Status of Child Labour in Punjab, Pakistan
Recent estimates indicate that 152 million youngsters worldwide worked as children in 2016 (ILO 2017a: 5). Since the beginning of the global movement, education has generally been associated with conventional schooling, which excludes key types of learning that take place in workplaces as well as non-traditional and informal learning environments. Many chidren work and go to school at the same time, thus interventions should support children in less dangerous jobs while juggling employment and education. However, there is general agreement that all harmful child work must be outlawed. It is important to improve access to education by lowering costs, offering flexible schooling options, providing alternatives to formal education (such as vocational, transitional, and non-formal learning), and raising the standard of educational infrastructure and instruction as key interventions to keep children out of the workforce and promote education. Integrated strategies that consider a variety of aspects can be successful. Exploring various forms of labor, working hours, the impact of work on learning outcomes, and variances in how work affects education across different countries will require more research, particularly longitudinal studies.
Punjab is the most populous province, and it has one of the top 10 largest labor forces in the world. The National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS) projects that Punjab will have 84.69 million urban residents and 144.53 million rural residents in 2022, for a population density of 287.93 people per square kilometer. According to the Labour Force Survey (LFS) for 2020–21, there was a projection of a rise in the employed labor force, which was projected to reach 67.25 million from 64.03 million in 2018–19. In 2020–21, the unemployment rate marginally dropped from 6.9 percent in 2018–19 to 6.3 percent. This information shows that during the same time period, 4.51 million persons in the labor force were jobless. According to estimates, there are 41.77 million people who are working age in the 15–24 and 25–34 age brackets, respectively. Over 12.4 million Pakistanis had moved through formal channels for work purposes to more than 50 countries as of December 2022. The Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment registered 829,549 people for employment abroad between 2018 and 2022. To provide readers a thorough knowledge of the problem in Punjab, recent data on child labor in various formal and informal sectors will be included.
CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF CHILD LABOUR POLICY IN PUNJAB, IDENTIFYING OBSTACLES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
2.1 Obstacles that Impede the Effective Implementation of Child Labor Policies in Punjab
In Punjab, a number of challenges prevent the proper application of child labor laws. Among these challenges are:
Poverty:
Child work is encouraged by widespread poverty as families strive to make the minimum wage. Children who live in poverty are pushed to labor so that their parents can support the family financially. Breaking the cycle of child labor requires addressing poverty.
Limited access or poor quality of education:
Child labor is a result of inadequate educational infrastructure and low enrolment rates. Children are forced to work instead of attending school because there is a lack of access to high-quality education, particularly in rural areas. In order to counteract child labor, education must be made more accessible and of higher quality.
Weak enforcement mechanisms:
Attempts to combat child labor are undermined by lax enforcement of labor laws and regulations. Some employers are able to use child labor without being held accountable due to a lack of resources, corruption, and inefficient monitoring mechanisms. To solve this problem, enforcement methods must be strengthened.
Cultural and societal factors:
In some communities, the acceptance of child labor can be perpetuated by deeply ingrained cultural norms and attitudes. The abolition of child work is hampered by conventional behaviors, gender inequality, and emphasizing economic contributions above education.
Lack of awareness:
The lack of knowledge regarding the harmful effects of child labor among parents and employers is a substantial obstacle to intervention effectiveness. To counteract this problem, it is essential to raise public knowledge about child rights and the detrimental impacts of child labor.
Informal economy:
The informal economy, where regulation and control are frequently lax, is rife with child labor. It is challenging to monitor and enforce labor regulations given the prevalence of child labor in fields including agriculture, household work, and small-scale manufacturing.
It takes a comprehensive strategy to overcome these challenges, one that includes initiatives to reduce poverty, increased spending on infrastructure and education, capacity building for law enforcement, education about children's rights and the perils of child labor, and encouragement of social dialogue and cooperation among stakeholders. Focus should be placed on providing children with a secure and encouraging environment, assuring their access to school, and upholding their legal rights.
2.2 Punjab's Efforts to Protect Child Labour Rights
Punjab has made tremendous efforts to safeguard the rights of children who work. Punjab's child labor policy's main components are as follows:
Legislation:
The Punjab Restriction on Employment of Children Act 2016 was passed in the province, and it forbids hiring children under the age of 18 and restricts hiring teenagers. The Act establishes standards for shift work, hazardous employment, work hours, and break times. To safeguard minors from exploitation, compliance with this law is essential.
Ratification of International Conventions:
The International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labor, among others, has been ratified by Punjab, confirming the province's commitment to eradicating child labor and defending children's rights.
National Child Labor Elimination Policy:
To address the underlying causes of child work, advance education, offer social protection, and strengthen enforcement and monitoring measures, Punjab has created the National Child work Elimination Policy (NCLEP). The policy emphasizes cooperation between government agencies, civil society organizations, and international partners.
Awareness and Advocacy:
The government of Punjab has run advocacy initiatives and awareness campaigns to increase public knowledge of child labor and its negative impacts. These programs seek to alter society’s perceptions, stress the value of education, and prioritize child safety.
Labor Inspection and Enforcement:
Inspections and legal action against offenders are used by the Federal and Provincial Departments of Labor to enforce the rules against child labor. To make sure that laws against child labor are being followed, workplace inspections must be conducted often.
Rehabilitation and Social Protection:
Programs have been put in place in Punjab to rescue and rehabilitate child laborers, giving them access to school, job training, and support for their general well-being. These programs seek to end the cycle of child labor and give children chances for a brighter future.
Although these efforts are admirable, Punjab's child labor laws are still not being implemented effectively.
The criticism of Punjab's child labor laws centers on a number of issues:
Education:
The study emphasizes the significance of expanding educational opportunities, removing financial obstacles, and raising educational standards. Initiatives should help families struggling with finances and educate parents and children about the importance of education.
Behavior and Social Norms:
It is essential to alter society’s attitudes toward child labor. It is advised to implement monitoring systems and punitive measures in addition to educating employers and children about their rights. It is important to verify ages and uphold age restrictions on employment, therefore, birth registration is promoted.
Occupational Safety and Health:
The report stresses the necessity for action on workplace safety and health-related issues. Children frequently perform risky tasks in hazardous environments. Targeted labor inspections should focus on high-risk industries to prevent the spread of child labor to other industries.
Physical and Mental Health:
The physical and mental health of children is negatively impacted by child labor. It is advised to collect information on hazardous working conditions, carry out inspections, and put safety and health strategies into action. It is important to ensure that children showing signs of depression have access to medical care and mental health services.
The analysis of Punjab's child labor laws gives suggestions for change as well as insights into the difficulties. By tackling these problems, Punjab can improve labor regulations and completely get rid of child labor, giving kids a better future.
3. CRITIQUE OF PUNJAB’S CHILD LABOUR POLICY:
Punjab, a province, has worked to strengthen its legal system and increase adherence to labor regulations. The successful implementation of child labor rules in Punjab still faces a number of obstacles. This analysis gives a critical assessment of the results from the Punjab Child Labour Survey while concentrating primarily on Punjab's child labor policy.
Critique on the Findings:
Education:
The study finds that although most Punjabi children between the ages of 5 and 14 are enrolled in school and do not work, there are still a sizable number of kids who are not enrolled in school or working. Lack of interest, financial difficulties, and negligent parenting all play a part in this problem. Initiatives should be concentrated on enhancing access to education by funding school-related fees and guaranteeing safe transportation, especially for females, in order to solve issue. Additionally, initiatives should be taken to improve the standard of education in Punjab and to increase parental and child awareness of its importance.
Early Childhood Education:
Because it increases student enrollment and aids in ending child labor, the study underlines the value of early childhood education in Punjab. Making pre-schools in Punjab more accessible and adopting programs that boost enrollment and lower dropout rates should be prioritized in order to support this. Programs that provide cash transfers to low-income families can encourage kids and teenagers to go to school, but for maximum impact, they should be used in conjunction with other measures.
Influence of Illiteracy:
The findings indicate that in Punjab, homes with illiterate heads of households are more likely for children and teenagers to work and less likely for them to attend school. Make sure the current generation gets access to education in order to stop future generations from using child labor. Parents should be made aware of the value of education, and special requirements of those in Punjab who are illiterate or have poor levels of education should be taken into consideration.
Gender Disparity:
The study shows that boys are working at a higher rate than girls in Punjab, where a sizeable percentage of youngsters and teenagers are worked. Many children and teenagers labor year-round as unpaid family helpers in agriculture, where seasonal employment is prevalent. It is suggested that in order to address this problem, employers and kids should be made aware of their rights, that supervision and punitive measures should be put in place, and that birth registration should be used to verify employees' ages and impose age restrictions on employment.
Occupational Safety and Health:
Punjab has to focus its interventions on two crucial areas: workplace safety and health. Children and teenagers frequently operate in hazardous situations under risky circumstances, including lifting heavy loads, working in sweltering heat, using hazardous tools, and being exposed to dust or fumes. Labor inspections should concentrate on sectors with high risk elements to reduce health concerns. To prevent driving kids into other risky vocations, caution must be used. To stop child labor from moving from one supply chain to another, cross-sector collaboration is required.
Physical and Mental Health Consequences:
The study focuses on the negative impacts of child labor on Punjabi children and adolescents' physical and mental health. People who work in dangerous environments are more prone to suffer from work-related diseases or injuries and develop depressed symptoms. It is advised to collect and analyze information on potentially hazardous workplace conditions, conduct routine inspections, and put safety and health strategies into practice in order to prevent such undesirable consequences. Children displaying depressive symptoms should have access to therapy, medical care, and other types of treatment.
In conclusion, this criticism highlights the difficulties in effectively implementing child labor laws in Punjab, Pakistan. The results of the Punjab Child Labour Survey provide important light on the particular problems with child labor in Punjab. It is essential to provide educational possibilities, address socioeconomic conditions that lead to child labor, implement and enforce workplace safety and health regulations, and support the physical and emotional wellbeing of young people in order to address these challenges. Punjab can bolster its labor rules and essentially end child labor in the province by implementing these steps.
4 AREA OF INTERVENTION NEED IMPROVEMENT
4.1 Insufficient Safeguards for Workers' Rights in Punjab
The absence of comprehensive labor law protection in Punjab:
Due to the absence of comprehensive labor regulations, workers' rights are not fully safeguarded in Punjab. Certain employee groups, especially those working in rural and informal sectors, do not have enough legal safeguards. As a result, workers become more open to exploitation and mistreatment, such as child labor, forced labor, unequal pay, and a lack of job security. In terms of their rights, marginalized groups like women and minority workers experience neglect.
Limited consequences for violations and weak enforcement in Punjab:
Despite the existence of labor laws, Punjab frequently has lax enforcement and punitive measures. This makes it possible for companies to disobey the law and violate the rights of employees without suffering serious repercussions. In Punjab, there is little oversight of working conditions, including health and safety regulations. As a result, there are more risky workplaces, which raises the possibility of accidents and occupational disorders. Lack of management and workplace inspections exacerbate these concerns. The work-life balance of employees in Punjab is further harmed by insufficient maternity and paternity leave rules, lengthy workdays without adequate breaks, and excessive overtime hours.
Inadequate coverage of the informal and rural sectors in Punjab:
Regarding legal protection, Punjabi workers in the informal and rural sectors confront substantial difficulties. Since many of them do not have work contracts, it is challenging for them to take advantage of the advantages and protections offered by labor laws.
Limited access to justice for labor disputes in Punjab:
Punjabi workers have challenges when trying to get justice for labor-related concerns. It is difficult for them to secure fair remedies to labor issues due to the inefficiency and delays in the legal system, as well as their low understanding of their legal rights.
4.2 Weak Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Standards in Punjab
Inadequate implementation and enforcement of OSH regulations in Punjab:
Punjab's lack of efficient enforcement of occupational safety and health rules leads to a disregard for workplace safety. Due to the dangers of accidents and occupational diseases, this results in hazardous working conditions.
Lack of knowledge and training on OSH procedures in Punjab:
They are particularly susceptible to job risks since many employees in Punjab lack the requisite education and awareness of occupational safety and health procedures. This issue is made worse by the dearth of thorough educational initiatives.
Inadequate workplace monitoring and inspections in Punjab:
A culture of non-compliance with OSH standards exists in Punjab as a result of the absence of consistent workplace monitoring and inspections. Due to capacity and resource constraints, regulatory agencies struggle to appropriately supervise and guarantee worker safety.
High rate of occupational illnesses and accidents in Punjab:
Punjab has a high incidence of workplace diseases and accidents due to insufficient safety measures. Many of these tragedies may have been avoided with the effective enforcement and application of safety laws.
4.2 Limited Social Security Coverage in Punjab
Poor social security benefits for Punjabi workers:
Many Punjabi workers do not receive appropriate social security benefits, which leaves them at risk during times of unemployment, illness, or retirement.
Limited coverage of independent contractors and non-union workers in Punjab:
In Punjab, independent contractors and non-union workers frequently do not qualify for social security benefits, depriving them of crucial protections and benefits.
Inadequate funding for social security programs in Punjab:
In Punjab, social security program funding is frequently insufficient to match the demands of the growing labor force, leaving workers with restricted coverage and benefits.
Limited access to retirement and healthcare benefits in Punjab:
Accessing retirement and healthcare benefits is difficult for Punjabi workers, which has an impact on their capacity to obtain a respectable retirement and adequate healthcare.
4.3 Exploitation and Discrimination Against Vulnerable Workers in Punjab
Gender-based discrimination in the workplace in Punjab:
In Punjab, harassment, poorer pay, and fewer possibilities for advancement are all examples of workplace discrimination against women. Punjab's work practices do not place enough attention on gender equality and treating everyone equally.
Inadequate protection of child laborers in Punjab:
In Punjab, child labor is still a major problem despite the fact that it is illegal. Due to lax regulation, children are used for labor across industries, denied an education, put in danger, and the cycle of inequality and poverty is continued.
Abuse of domestic workers and migrant workers in Punjab:
In Punjab, domestic and migrant workers frequently endure exploitation, abuse, and unfair treatment. They are more prone to mistreatment and human rights breaches because to their long hours, low pay, and lack of legal protection.
Inadequate measures to combat slavery and human trafficking in Punjab:
In Punjab, slavery and human trafficking still occur, and there aren't any effective policies in place to stop these serious offenses. These behaviors diminish human dignity, violate the rights of the most vulnerable, and exploit them.
Insufficient wage protection and minimum wage enforcement in Punjab:
Punjab's minimum wages frequently fall short of covering workers' expenses for necessities including food, shelter, and medical care. The ineffectiveness of minimum wage enforcement encourages widespread pay theft and the exploitation of weaker workers.
Lack of transparency in wage determination mechanisms in Punjab:
In Punjab, there is a lack of openness and worker participation in the processes used to calculate and negotiate pay. Employee unhappiness and income inequality are influenced by the lack of collective bargaining and employee participation in salary discussions.
4.5 Union Rights and Limited Collective Bargaining in Punjab
Restrictions on the formation and joining of unions in Punjab:
The freedom of workers to establish and join unions is subject to a number of limitations in Punjab. The exercise of fundamental labor rights is hampered by restrictive regulations, intimidation of union members, and anti-union business activities by employers.
Inadequate protection of collective bargaining and union rights in Punjab:
In Punjab, collective bargaining rights are not sufficiently upheld. Collective bargaining agreements are frequently undercut and disregarded by employers, making it difficult for employees to obtain just compensation, secure working conditions, and employment benefits.
Lack of mechanisms for using collective bargaining to resolve labor disputes in Punjab:
Punjab lacks the institutions or methods to use collective bargaining to resolve labor issues, which limits the choices available to employees for resolving workplace grievances.
Incidents of intimidation and harassment of union officials and members in Punjab:
In Punjab, union representatives and members routinely experience intimidation, harassment, and violence when they exercise their rights. This hostile atmosphere makes it difficult for unions to function, reduces the influence of workers' unions, and limits their ability to defend their rights.
4.6 Insufficient Training and Development of Skills in Punjab
Lack of funding for vocational training and skills development programs in Punjab:
In Punjab, programs that promote skill advancement and vocational training frequently lack sufficient finance. This restricts workers' access to top-notch training and makes it more difficult for them to acquire the competencies required for greater job chances.
Mismatch between training needs and available training in Punjab:
Punjabi workers frequently receive training that is not in line with the abilities that employers are looking for. As a result of individuals' lack of readiness to meet the shifting needs of sectors, this mismatch contributes to high unemployment rates and underemployment.
Limited availability of quality educational and training options for underprivileged groups in Punjab:
Poorer people in Punjab have limited access to high-quality training and educational opportunities, notably those in rural and marginalized regions. This limits their opportunities for upward social mobility and economic growth.
Poor communication between training institutions and industry in Punjab:
In Punjab, there is frequently a lack of effective communication and coordination between educational institutions, businesses, and training facilities. Due to the mismatch between the skills being taught and the skills employers are looking for, the labor market is negatively impacted.
5. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the analysis of Punjab's labor law reveals a number of areas that require reform. The main issues include inadequate protections for workers' rights, lax occupational safety and health regulations, limited social security coverage, exploitation and discrimination of vulnerable workers, insufficient wage protection, restrictions on union rights and collective bargaining, and inadequate training and skill development.
The findings highlight the urgent need for extensive labor law reforms in Punjab to improve worker protection. To protect workers' rights and enhance working conditions, it is essential to strengthen enforcement procedures, improve workplace inspections, and ensure strict respect for labor laws.
Additionally, it is critical to address issues around occupational safety and health. Punjab should put its efforts into developing a strong monitoring and inspection system, giving workers the appropriate training and education, and effectively implementing and enforcing OSH legislation in order to reduce workplace accidents and occupational diseases.
To offer a safety net during unemployment, illness, and retirement, it is imperative to extend social security coverage to all workers, especially those in the unorganized and rural sectors. To increase the well-being of workers in Punjab, enough funding and improved access to retirement and healthcare benefits are required.
Combating exploitation and discrimination of vulnerable workers, such as women, children, domestic workers, and migratory workers, should also be a priority. To solve these concerns, it is imperative to strengthen laws, enforce child labor laws, promote gender equality, and improve protection for domestic and migrant workers.
Reducing wage theft and inequality among workers in Punjab requires strengthening wage protection measures, maintaining equitable minimum salaries, and fostering transparency in wage setting.
To empower workers and guarantee their views are heard in decision-making processes, it is essential to protect union rights, support collective bargaining, and provide procedures for resolving labor disputes.
Last but not least, funding programs for skill development and vocational training, especially for underprivileged people, can improve employability, close the skills gap, and support Punjab's economic growth and social mobility.
6. RECOMMENDATIONS:
The following suggestions are put out for Punjab's labor policy in light of the problems and potential areas of improvement:
Comprehensive Labor Law Reforms:
Create and put into place comprehensive labor regulations that adequately safeguard all employees, especially those in rural and unorganized sectors. Make sure that the enforcement processes are improved and that the consequences for noncompliance are severe.
Strengthen Occupational Safety and Health Standards:
To maintain a safe and healthy workplace, OSH legislation should be better implemented and enforced. Regular workplace inspections should also be conducted, and workers should get the essential training and awareness programs.
Expand Social Security Coverage:
All workers, including non-unionized and independent contractors, should be eligible for social security benefits. To provide broader coverage and sufficient benefits for workers, social security programs should get more cash.
Combat Exploitation and Discrimination:
Increase protection for women in the workplace, strengthen laws against child labor, and address domestic and migrant worker abuse and exploitation. Put measures in place to effectively prevent slavery and human trafficking.
Enhance Wage Protection and Transparency:
Increase systems for monitoring and enforcing wage payments, enforce minimum wage rules strictly, and encourage openness in the methods used to determine wages. Make sure that workers receive fair compensation that allows them to live comfortably.
Protect Union Rights and Promote Collective Bargaining:
Eliminate barriers to union formation and membership, defend employees' rights to engage in collective bargaining, and create procedures for settling labor issues through negotiation and mediation.
Invest in Vocational Training and Skill Development:
Establish relationships between training institutions and industry to match training with market demands, allot adequate money for vocational training programs, and give underprivileged groups priority access to high-quality training.
Punjab may make major strides toward enhancing labor rights, improving working conditions, and promoting inclusive and sustainable economic development by putting these proposals into practice. To achieve the successful implementation of these measures, cooperation is needed from the civic society, employers, and workers' organisations.
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