Doctoral Journey: Recommended Resources for Graduate Research Students
Introduction:
Plunging into a Ph.D. voyage can be both exciting and intimidating. It’s a transforming process that necessitates commitment, perseverance, and smart thinking. To assist graduate research students with their academic aspirations, we have compiled a comprehensive list of resources covering important issues such as research techniques, thesis writing, postgraduate supervision, and personal development. These resources are intended to provide direction, insights, and practical tips for navigating the hurdles and maximizing the benefits associated with getting a doctoral degree.
First, watch these two videos, and then go to books.
Badenhorst, C. [@cecilebadenhorst4997]. (2021, July 30). Literature Reviews in Research/Thesis Writing [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHMathpk9Qs&list=RDCMUCDXlZhpn7iJcw9BdgzUXWbA&start_radio=1&rv=gHMathpk9Qs&t=290
Badenhorst, C. [@cecilebadenhorst4997]. (2021, July 30). Literature Reviews in Research/Thesis Writing [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKr7tr2Q9KQ&t=7s
Recommended Resource Books for Graduate Research Students:
Dunleavy, P. (2003). Authoring a PhD: How to plan, draft, write andfinish a doctoral dissertation or thesis.
Cryer, P. (2006). The research student’s guide to success. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
Murray, R. (2017). How to write a thesis. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Murray, R. (2015). How to survive your viva: Defending a thesis in an oral examination. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Oliver, P. (2014). Writing your thesis. SAGE Publications Ltd, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446294994
James, R., & Baldwin, G. (2006). Eleven practices of effective postgraduate research supervisors. Centre for the Study of Higher Education and the School of Graduate Studies, University of Melbourne.
Doctorates downunder (second edition)
Key’s to Successful Doctoral Study in Australia and New Zealand
Edited by Carey Denholm and Terry Evans
ACER Press, 2012
Paltridge, B., & Phakiti, A. (Eds.). (2015). Research methods in applied linguistics: A practical resource. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Petre, M. (2010). The unwritten rules of PhD research. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Rugg, G., & Petre, M. (2004). The unwritten rules of PhD research. Open University Press
Silverman, D. (2016). Introducing qualitative research. Qualitative research, 3(3), 14–25.
How to get a research degree
A Survival Guide
Leonie Elphinstone and Robert Schweitzer
Allen & Unwin, 1998
Writing your dissertation in fifteen minutes a day
A Guide to Starting, Revising, and Finishing Your Doctoral Thesis
Joan Bolker, Ed.D
Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 1998
The art of getting published
A Guide for Academics
Carl Davidson and Neil Lunt
Dunmore Press Ltd, 2000
The postgraduate research handbook
Succeed with your MA, MPhil, EdD and PhD
Gina Wisker
Palgrave, 2001
How to write a better thesis or report
David Evans
Melbourne University Press, 1995
Thinking to thesis
A Guide to Graduate Success at all Levels
Emmanuel Manalo PhD and Julie Trafford MSc (Hons)
Pearson Education New Zealand, 2004In supervisors’ words…
An insider’s view of postgraduate supervision
Peter Kandlbinder and Tai Peseta
The University of Sydney, 2001
Writing the winning thesis or dissertation
A Step-by-Step Guide
Allan A Glatthorn and Randy L Joyner
Corwin Press, 2006, Second edition
How to write a thesis
Rowena Murray
Open University Press, 2002
Succeeding with your doctorate
Jerry Wellington, Ann-Marie Bathmaker, Cheryl Hunt, Gary McCulloch and Pat
Sikes
Sage Publications, 2005
Writing your thesis
Paul Oliver
Sage Publications, 2004
Surviving your dissertation
A comprehensive guide to content and process
2nd edition
Kjell Erik Rudestam and Rae R Newton
Sage Publications, 2001
Doing postgraduate research
Stephen Potter
Sage Publications, 2002
Eleven Practices of Effective Postgraduate Research Supervisors
Richard James & Gabrielle Baldwin
The University of Melbourne, McLaren Press, 2006
The 7 secrets of highly successful PhD students
Hugh Kearns & Maria Gardiner
Flinders Press, 2006
Defeating self-sabotage — getting your PhD finished
Hugh Kearns & Maria Gardiner
Flinders Press, 2006
Time for research — time management for PhD students
Hugh Kearns & Maria Gardiner
Flinders Press, 2006
The PhD experience — what they didn’t tell you at induction
Hugh Kearns & Maria Gardiner
Flinders Press, 2006
How to get a PhD — a handbook for students and their supervisors
Estelle M Phillips & Derek S Pugh
Open University Press, 2005
Getting your PhD — a practical insiders guide
Harriet Churchill & Teela Saunders
Sage Publications, 2007
Turbocharge Your Writing — how to become a prolific academic writer
Maria Gardiner & Hugh Kearns
Flinders Press, 2010
Conclusion:
Finally, pursuing a doctorate is an important step in one’s academic and professional development. You can improve your research abilities, overcome barriers, and achieve academic success by providing yourself with the necessary tools, knowledge, and support. We hope that the resources indicated in this list will be helpful on your doctoral path, allowing you to thrive as a graduate research student and make substantial contributions to your field of study.
Research Trek: Thesis Writing Tips
Essential Traits of a Successful Researcher:
Essential prerequisites: clarity, consistency, vision, ingenuity, and credibility
Intellectual abilities: sublimity, work ethics, and self-discipline
Interpersonal skills: leadership, motivation, and teamwork
Technical skills: writing skills, research tools, methods and strategies
Essential qualities of a great researcher:
Curiosity: A great researcher is inherently curious, driven by a desire to explore and understand the unknown.
Critical thinking: They possess the ability to analyze information objectively, question assumptions, and evaluate evidence to draw logical conclusions.
Perseverance: Research often involves setbacks and challenges. A great researcher demonstrates resilience and persistence in the face of obstacles.
Attention to detail: They have a keen eye for detail, ensuring accuracy and precision in their work, from data collection to analysis.
Creativity: Thinking outside the box is essential for breakthrough discoveries. Great researchers approach problems with innovation and creativity.
Problem-solving skills: They can identify research questions, develop hypotheses, and design experiments or methodologies to address them effectively.
Communication skills: Effective communication is crucial for sharing research findings with peers, collaborators, and the broader community through papers, presentations, and discussions.
Collaboration: Great researchers recognize the value of teamwork and collaboration, leveraging diverse expertise to tackle complex problems and enrich their research.
Ethical conduct: They adhere to high ethical standards, ensuring the integrity of their research and respecting the rights and dignity of research participants and colleagues.
Technical Skills: Proficiency in the technical tools and methodologies relevant to their field is essential. This includes expertise in laboratory techniques, data analysis software, programming languages, or any other specialized skills necessary for their research.
Accepting the Research Challenge:
Embrace the process of research as a transformative adventure.
Recognize the opportunity for personal growth during the research journey
Read, and watch motivational content to stay motivated and persistent
Synergy: “I can & I will.”
Word Count Guidelines:
The typical word count for Ph.D. and Master's theses
Master's Thesis:
The word count typically ranges from 20,000 to 50,000 words.
Variations may occur based on the specific requirements of the program and field of study.
Some programs may specify shorter or longer word limits.
Ensure to check with your institution's guidelines for precise requirements.
Ph.D. Thesis:
The word count typically ranges from 70,000 to 100,000 words.
Variations exist depending on the field of study and institutional requirements.
In some disciplines, such as the humanities and social sciences, theses may exceed 100,000 words.
Consult your institution's guidelines for the exact word count expectations in your field.
Consider factors influencing word count, such as field of study and university guidelines
Adhere to specific word count requirements
Preliminary
Selecting Your Research Topic:
Choose a topic aligned with your interests and academic goals
Narrow down the topic for focused research
Identify and address a research gap within the field
Planning and Preparation:
A thorough literature review to identify existing research and gaps
Formulation of research questions, statement of the problem/hypotheses
Defining the scope and objectives of the study
Developing a Proposal:
Develop a synopsis/research proposal
Clearly state the research problem and its significance.
Describe the research methodology in the proposal
Research Methodology:
Elaborate the research design, data collection methods, and ethical considerations
Justify the chosen methodology's suitability for research objectives
Data Collection and Analysis:
Collect data using appropriate methods and tools
Rigorous data analysis techniques for meaningful conclusions
Clear presentation of findings through tables, graphs, or textual explanations
Structuring Your Thesis/Dissertation:
Key components of each section, including introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion
Writing and Editing:
Clear and concise writing with a coherent structure
Edit for grammar, style, and formatting errors
Seek feedback from supervisor, peers, mentors, or advisors
Proper Referencing:
Cite all sources properly using a consistent citation style
Create of a comprehensive bibliography (use Zotero, Mendley)
Review and Revision:
Review the entire thesis for consistency, accuracy, and logical flow
Revision based on feedback and self-assessment
Meticulous proofreading to eliminate errors
Submission and Defense:
Follow institutional guidelines for thesis submission
Prepare for a thesis defense presentation
Address questions and feedback confidently and professionally
Celebrating Achievement:
Acknowledge and celebrate the accomplishment of submitting and defending the thesis
Recognize the effort, dedication, and personal growth during the process
Preview: Research in Miniature
Introduction:
Comprehensive background, establishing broader context
Clear articulation of the research problem or gap
Succinct preview of research aims and objectives
Background of the Study:
Thorough historical contextualization.
Statement of the Problem:
Precise identification of the research problem
Emphasis on the significance of addressing the problem
Research Aims and Objectives:
Clear, measurable goals aligned with the problem
Objectives contribute directly to addressing the research gap
Theoretical Framework:
Solid establishment of a theoretical framework
Clear justification for the chosen framework
Literature Review:
Critical synthesis and analysis of relevant literature
Identification and articulation of gaps or unresolved issues
Methodology:
Justification for the chosen research design
Detailed methodologies for data collection and analysis
Discussion of ethical considerations
Results and Discussion:
Structured presentation of research findings
Thorough analysis and interpretation of findings
Explicit linking of findings to research questions
Conclusion:
Concise summary of primary research outcomes
Discussion of broader implications and recommendations for future research
References:
Compilation of a comprehensive list of referenced sources
Adherence to the designated citation style (such as APA, MLA, Harvard, etc)
Presentation of Research and Final Defense:
Structured presentation summarizing key aspects of the research
Preparation for potential queries or criticisms during the defense
Resources for Research and Academic Coaching:
Consideration of available platforms like GradCoach, university resources, online course platforms such as Coursrera, FutureLearn, edX, udemy, YouTube channels, Google Scholar, Project Gutenberg, and academic forums
Evaluation of online tutoring services, freelance academics, and peer mentoring
Research and review of recommended courses and materials
Title:
Increase the effectiveness and impact of your research title, ensuring that it captures readers' attention and accurately represents the substance of your study
Topic Inclusion:
Ensure the title clearly articulates the primary research topic or subject matter
Method Description:
Incorporate a brief indication of the research method or approach utilized in the study
Dependent and Independent Variables:
Specify the primary dependent and independent variables under investigation in the research
Time Frame of Study:
Include a reference to the time frame or duration of the research study, if applicable
Theoretical Framework Mention:
Integrate a reference to the theoretical framework guiding the research methodology or analysis
Conciseness within 14-16 Words:
Craft a title that succinctly captures the essence of your research in approximately 15 words
Ensure brevity while conveying the main idea effectively
Convey the Essence of Research:
The title should clearly articulate the main objective and focus of your study
Communicate the central theme or purpose of your research within the title
Keyword Optimization for Searchability:
Incorporate relevant keywords that enhance the essence searchability and visibility of your research
Use terms commonly associated with the field of your study to attract the target audience
Reflect on the Study's Significance:
Ensure the title reflects the significance and relevance of your research within the intended research domain
Convey the potential impact or contribution of your study to existing literature or practical applications
Specificity, Clarity, and Precision:
Ensure the title precisely encapsulates the central focus of your research
Utilize clear and unambiguous language to convey the precise objectives and findings of your study
Reflect Research Scope:
Accurately represent the breadth and depth of your research within the title
Reflect the comprehensive scope and significance of the research within a concise title
Engagement and Intrigue:
Craft a title that ignites curiosity and motivates readers to delve deeper into your research
Consider employing intriguing or thought-provoking language to capture and sustain the audience's attention
Engagement Techniques:
Infuse the title with elements that arouse curiosity and stimulate interest among readers.
Employ evocative language or rhetorical devices to captivate and sustain the audience's attention from the outset.
Alignment with the Abstract:
Ensure coherence and consistency between the research title and the abstract to provide a unified narrative.
Summarize the key findings and contributions of the research within the title, setting the stage for further exploration.
Audience Tailoring:
Customize the title to resonate with the target audience's interests and level of expertise.
Strike a balance between technical precision and accessibility to engage readers across diverse linguistic backgrounds.
Avoiding Misleading Titles:
Safeguard against potential misinterpretation or confusion by crafting a title that accurately reflects the research objectives and outcomes.
Uphold integrity and transparency in title representation to foster trust and credibility among readers.
Avoid exaggerated claims or understatements of the study's significance, maintaining integrity in representation
Research Proposal:
Introduction
Identify the Research Area or Topic
essentials of a compelling introduction
Structure engaging openers, clear transitions, and a succinct thesis statement
Statement of the Problem:
craft a statement of the problem clearly stating the research issue
Formulation of Hypothesis:
formulate of a testable and specific hypothesis
role of the hypothesis as the foundation for research
Objectives of Research
Clear Statement of Objectives
Stating Objectives Based on the Problem
Aligning Objectives with Hypotheses/ STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Research Questions
Understanding Research Questions:
Purpose of Research Questions:
Guiding Focus: Research questions serve to clarify and direct the focus of the study.
Navigational Tool: They act as navigational aids, guiding the research process and investigation.
Types of Research Questions:
Exploratory: Aimed at exploring new topics or phenomena.
Descriptive: Focus on detailing characteristics or behaviors within a given context.
Explanatory: Seek to understand relationships, causality, or mechanisms behind phenomena.
Preparing for Research Questions:
Thorough Preparation: Conduct comprehensive background work to understand existing knowledge and gaps.
Clarity and Precision: Ensure clarity and precision in framing research questions to avoid ambiguity.
Components of a Strong Research Question:
Clarity and Specificity: Clearly articulate what is being investigated and in what context.
Relevance and Significance: Ensure questions address relevant issues and contribute to the broader field.
Feasibility and Scope: Consider the practicality and scope of research questions within available resources.
Assessor Expectations:
Alignment with Reviewer Focus: Address the focal points of reviewers or assessors to meet evaluation criteria.
Structural Coherence: Follow a logical and structured framework in formulating and presenting research questions.
Iterative Refinement: Continuously refine and iterate on research questions based on feedback and evolving understanding.
Common Mistakes to Avoid:
Ambiguity or Overgeneralization: Avoid vague or overly broad research questions that lack precision.
Misalignment with Objectives: Ensure research questions directly align with the objectives and goals of the study.
Research Questions in Different Disciplines:
Adaptation to Discipline Requirements: Tailor research questions to meet the specific needs and conventions of diverse academic disciplines.
Flexibility for Evolution: Allow for flexibility and evolution of research questions as understanding deepens and new insights emerge.
Developing Research Questions: A Step-by-Step Guide:
Introduction:
Establishing Significance: Begin by highlighting the importance and relevance of the research questions within the broader context of the field.
Identifying the Research Area or Topic:
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing literature to identify gaps and unresolved issues.
Gap Identification: Identify gaps in knowledge or areas requiring further exploration.
Selecting a Research Approach:
Consideration of Methodological Frameworks: Reflect on philosophical approaches such as phenomenology and epistemology to inform the choice of research approach.
Theoretical Foundation: Establish a theoretical framework to provide a conceptual basis for the study.
Brainstorming and Idea Selection:
Conceptual Development: Engage in brainstorming sessions to generate initial concepts and ideas.
Goal Clarification: Clearly define research goals and objectives to guide question formulation.
Creating Specific and Clear Research Questions:
Precision in Formulation: Formulate research questions that are both focused and open-ended to facilitate exploration and understanding.
Relevance and Feasibility: Ensure that research questions are relevant to the study's objectives and feasible within practical constraints.
Analysis and Improvement of Research Questions:
Consistency and Clarity: Review research questions for consistency and clarity, ensuring they accurately reflect the intended inquiry.
Testability and Measurement: Evaluate the testability and measurability of research questions to ensure they can be effectively investigated.
Reviewing and Requesting Feedback:
Integration of Feedback: Incorporate constructive criticism and feedback from peers and experts to refine and enhance research questions.
Expert Consultation: Seek input from individuals with expertise in the subject area to validate and strengthen research questions.
Other Factors Influencing Research Questions:
Theories or Conceptual Frameworks:
Influential Frameworks: Consider theoretical perspectives and conceptual frameworks that shape the formulation of research questions.
Real-World Applications and Practical Concerns:
Pragmatic Considerations: Take into account practical implications and real-world applications of research questions to ensure relevance and impact.
Research Gaps and Unresolved Topics:
Addressing Knowledge Gaps: Direct research questions towards addressing gaps in existing knowledge or unresolved issues in the field.
Methodology and Research Questions:
Methodological Adaptation: Adapt research questions to align with the chosen methodology, whether qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods, ensuring compatibility and coherence.
Literature Review
Understanding the Literature Review:
Definition and Purpose: Understanding the role of literature review in research.
Types of Literature Reviews:
Systematic vs. Unsystematic: Differentiating between structured and unstructured review approaches.
Standalone vs. Embedded: Recognizing standalone reviews versus those integrated within research papers.
approaches or methods within literature review
Types of Literature Reviews:
Thematic Review:
Organizes literature based on themes or topics rather than chronology or authorship.
Focuses on identifying patterns, trends, or recurring concepts across various studies.
Methodological Review:
Examines the methods used in previous studies within a specific field or research area.
Evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the different research methodologies employed.
Systematic Review:
Employs a rigorous and transparent methodology to systematically identify, appraise, and synthesize relevant studies.
Involves predefined criteria for study selection and data extraction, often following a structured protocol.
Meta-analysis:
Quantitatively combines the results of multiple studies to derive summary statistics or effect sizes.
Provides a more comprehensive understanding of the collective evidence on a particular topic.
Scoping Review:
Aims to map the existing literature on a broad topic area to identify key concepts, gaps, and research trends.
Offers an overview of the breadth of available evidence without necessarily assessing its quality.
Narrative Review:
Provides a qualitative summary and interpretation of literature without employing a specific methodology.
Typically, it focuses on storytelling and discussing key findings, theories, or arguments.
Integrative Review:
Synthesizes findings from qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of a research topic.
Seeks to bridge gaps between different research paradigms or approaches.
Preparation Phase:
Pre-Writing Considerations: Initial steps before commencing the review process.
Clarifying Research Questions and Objectives: Ensuring alignment between the review and research objectives.
Conducting a Thorough Literature Search:
Critical Components: Key elements involved in conducting a comprehensive search.
Three Crucial Elements: Highlighting the theoretical framework, empirical research, and gap identification.
Assessor Expectations:
Reviewer Emphasis: Understanding what reviewers look for in a literature review.
Thoroughness in Coverage: Ensuring comprehensive coverage of relevant literature.
Critical Analysis: Emphasizing the importance of critical evaluation and analysis.
Coherence: Ensuring logical flow and coherence in presenting the literature.
Identification of Gaps: Clearly identifying gaps in existing literature.
Writing a High-Quality Review:
Structural Foundation: Establishing a clear structure for the review.
Clear Introductions: Importance of a well-defined Introduction
Organizing Themes: Structuring the review based on thematic analysis.
Logical Transitions: Ensuring smooth transitions between sections.
Critical Writing: Emphasizing critical evaluation and synthesis of literature.
Focus on Analysis: Prioritizing analysis over mere summarization.
Synthesis of Literature: Integrating findings from various sources to draw meaningful conclusions.
Avoiding Plagiarism: Importance of Proper Citation and Reference
Editing and Refinement: Rigorous editing and proofreading to enhance quality.
Mistakes to avoid:
Common Pitfalls: avoid common mistakes such as lack of critical analysis, poor structure, inadequate referencing, and insufficient focus on gaps
Resources and Tools:
Utilizing Tools: Leveraging reference management software and organizational frameworks.
The Funnel Approach:
Outline: Detailing the funnel approach for conducting a literature review.
The Funnel Approach for Conducting a Literature Review
Introduction:
Broad Introduction (Funnel Opening):
Define the Purpose of a Literature Review.
Explain the Significance of Your Research Area.
General Background:
Provide General Context on the Topic (Funnel Narrowing):
Offer introductory information to establish context.
Introduce Key Concepts or Theories Related to Your Research Area (Funnel Narrowing):
Introduce foundational theories or concepts relevant to your study.
Scope and Searching for Sources:
Define Your Scope (Funnel Narrowing):
Clearly state the boundaries and focus of your review.
Specify Key Themes and Types of Sources (Funnel Narrowing):
Identify the main themes and types of sources relevant to your research.
Searching for Sources:
Utilize Academic Databases and Libraries (Funnel Narrowing):
Conduct thorough searches in academic databases and libraries.
Record Publication Details Within Your Defined Scope (Funnel Narrowing):
Maintain organized records of publication details within your defined scope.
Source Analysis:
Reading and Annotating Sources (Funnel Narrowing):
Read and annotate each source carefully, noting key findings and relevance to your research.
Organizing Your Sources (Funnel Narrowing):
Use literature review matrices or citation management tools to organize sources effectively.
Identifying Themes and Trends:
Identify Themes and Trends (Funnel Narrowing):
Group sources based on common themes or trends.
Organize Sources for a Bigger Picture (Funnel Narrowing):
Arrange sources to provide a comprehensive overview of the research landscape.
Synthesizing Information:
Write Summaries of Main Points in Each Source (Funnel Narrowing):
Summarize the main points of each source to facilitate comparison and analysis.
Connect Points to Draw Conclusions Gradually (Funnel Narrowing):
Draw connections between sources to gradually form conclusions.
Addressing Gaps and Controversies:
Identify Gaps or Controversies Within Your Narrowed Scope (Funnel Narrowing):
Identify areas of research where gaps or controversies exist.
Discuss How Your Research Will Contribute (Funnel Narrowing):
Explain how your research will address these gaps or controversies.
Structuring Your Review:
Organize Into Three Main Sections (Funnel Narrowing):
Introduction, Body, Conclusion.
Finalizing Your Review:
Citing Sources Properly (Funnel Narrowing):
Ensure accurate citations within your narrowed scope.
Review and Edit (Funnel Narrowing):
Carefully review for clarity, coherence, and correctness.
Seek Feedback (Funnel Narrowing):
Share your review with peers or advisors for feedback.
Proofreading (Funnel Narrowing):
Proofread for grammar and spelling errors.
Conclusion and Revision:
Finalize and Format (Funnel Narrowing):
Format according to guidelines within your narrowed scope.
Revising as Needed (Funnel Narrowing):
Be open to amendments based on the development of your study.
The Five C’s of Writing a Literature Review
A. Cite
B. Compare
C. Contrast
D. Critique
E. Connect
Conclusion and Revision:
Finalizing Your Review: Formatting, proofreading, and seeking feedback for the final review.
The Five C’s of Writing a Literature Review: Emphasizing citation, comparison, contrast, critique, and connection.
Justification: Establishing the relevance, importance, and practical application of the study output.
Scope of the Study:
Determining Indicators, Variables, and Key Questions:
Clear Definitions: Provide precise definitions for indicators, variables, and key questions to ensure clarity and consistency throughout the study.
Indicators: Identify specific factors or measures used to assess phenomena or outcomes.
Variables: Define the variables under investigation, including independent, dependent, and control variables.
Key Questions: Outline the main research questions guiding the study, ensuring they are focused and relevant to the research objectives.
Study Locations, Limitations, and Justifications:
Define Study Locations: Clearly specify the geographical areas or contexts where the study will be conducted, providing the rationale for their selection.
Identify Limitations: Acknowledge any constraints, restrictions, or potential biases inherent in the study design or data collection methods.
Provide Justifications: Offer explanations for the chosen study locations and methodologies, addressing why they are appropriate and how they contribute to achieving the research goals.
Research Methods:
Understanding the Basics:
Research Methodology Overview: Providing an overview of the research methodology to be employed in the study.
Preparation for Methodology: Outlining the preparatory steps necessary before delving into the methodology.
Preparation Steps:
Clear Research Question: Ensuring the research question is well-defined and focused.
Objectives: Clearly state the objectives of the study to guide the research process.
Thorough Literature Review: Conducting a comprehensive review of existing literature to inform the methodology.
Key Methodological Decisions:
Six Key Decisions: Highlighting the critical decisions involved in determining the research approach, design, sampling strategy, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
Reviewer Focus:
Assessor Expectations: Understanding what reviewers expect in terms of clarity, justifications, and ethical considerations.
Clarity: Ensuring the methodology chapter is clearly written and easy to understand.
Ethical Considerations:
Validity, Reliability, and Transparency: Addressing issues of validity, reliability, and transparency in the research methodology.
Justifications: Providing rationale for methodological choices and addressing ethical considerations.
Writing Methodology:
Crafting a Chapter: Structuring and crafting the methodology chapter to effectively describe and justify the chosen methods.
Describing and Justifying Methods: Clearly describing and justifying the methods employed in the study.
Common Mistakes & Solutions:
Avoiding Errors: Identifying common mistakes such as inadequate justifications, poor alignment with objectives, neglecting ethical considerations, and insufficient attention to validity and reliability.
Solutions: Offering solutions to rectify these mistakes and ensure a robust methodology.
Big Picture & Contexts:
Understanding the Process: Understanding the broader research process and contextualizing the methodology within it.
Aligning Methodology with Audience and Purpose: Ensuring the methodology is aligned with the audience and purpose of the study.
Figures, Tables, and References:
Strategic Use of Visuals: Utilizing figures and tables strategically to enhance understanding of the methodology.
Reference Management: Employing reference management tools for efficient citation and referencing.
Work Plan:
Time Needed for Different Steps:
Break-up of the Entire Time Period: Allocating time for each phase of the research process to ensure smooth progress.
Preparation of Proposal: Setting aside time for the development and refinement of the research proposal.
Preparation of Questionnaire/Checklist: Allotting time for the creation and validation of research instruments.
Data Collection: Designating time for the actual collection of data, considering factors such as accessibility and participant availability.
Tabulation: Allocating time for organizing and tabulating collected data into a usable format.
Preparation of Draft Report: Setting aside time for drafting the research report, including data analysis and interpretation.
Review of Draft Report: Allowing time for peer review and feedback on the draft report.
Finalization of the Report Based on Reviewers’ Comments: Allocating time for revising and finalizing the research report based on reviewer feedback.
Gantt Chart:
Visualizing the Work Plan: Using a Gantt chart to visually represent the timeline and dependencies of different tasks.
Utilizing Gantt Chart for Better Understanding: Leveraging the Gantt chart to understand the sequence of tasks and ensure efficient project management.
Significance of the Study:
Quick Summary of the Entire Research: Providing a brief overview of the research conducted and its key findings.
Emphasizing Uniqueness and Contribution: Highlighting the significance of the study in terms of its contribution to the field and any unique insights gained.
Citations:
Proper Citation of Sources:
Ensure that all sources used in the research are properly cited within the text.
Follow the specific citation style required by the academic institution or publication guidelines (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
References or Bibliography Section:
Include references or bibliography section at the end of the research document.
List all the sources cited in the text in alphabetical order by the author's last name.
Acknowledging Original Sources:
Acknowledge the original sources of ideas, data, or quotes used in the research to avoid plagiarism.
Provide complete and accurate citation information to enable readers to locate the original sources.
Assessment of the Research Proposal:
Criteria for Short Research Proposals:
Relevance: Evaluate the alignment of the proposal with the research area and its significance.
Quality of Protocol: Assess the clarity, coherence, and methodological soundness of the proposed protocol.
Feasibility: Consider the practicality and feasibility of implementing the proposed research within the available resources.
Ethics: Ensure that the proposed research adheres to ethical standards and guidelines.
Evaluation Components:
Introduction: Assess the clarity and effectiveness of the introduction in setting the context and purpose of the research.
Aims: Evaluate the clarity and specificity of the research aims or objectives.
Methodology: Review the proposed methodology for its appropriateness, validity, and feasibility.
Criteria for Dissertation Proposals:
Introduction: Evaluate the effectiveness of the introduction in providing background information and context for the research.
Statement of the Problem: Assess the clarity and specificity of the research problem or research question.
Background and Literature Review: Evaluate the thoroughness and relevance of the literature review in establishing the theoretical framework and identifying gaps in the existing literature.
Research Questions and Hypotheses: Review the research questions and hypotheses for their clarity, specificity, and alignment with the research objectives.
Methodology: Assess the proposed methodology for its appropriateness, rigor, and ability to address the research questions.
Overall Cohesion: Consider the overall coherence and logical flow of the proposal, ensuring that all components are well-integrated.
Expression Quality: Evaluate the clarity, conciseness, and professionalism of the writing style.
Adherence to Ethical Standards: Ensure that the proposed research adheres to ethical principles and guidelines, including informed consent, confidentiality, and protection of participants' rights.
TECHNIQUES FOR PROPOSAL DEFENCE
Successfully defending a research proposal is crucial for gaining approval and support for your research project. Here are comprehensive techniques for an effective proposal defense:
Introduction:
Introduce Yourself:
Begin by introducing yourself, highlighting your qualifications and background relevant to the research.
Work Summary:
Provide a concise summary of your work, emphasizing its intellectual content, inventiveness, and ingenuity.
Presentation:
Methodology Defense:
Be prepared to defend your methodology, especially in experimental work. Anticipate questions about your sample size and other methodological choices.
Engage Audience:
Address your audience directly, not just your slides. Speak confidently to convey assurance in your research.
Visual Elements:
Ensure all graphs and visuals are clear, readable, and tested in the actual presentation environment, avoiding flashy or distracting elements.
Time Management:
Stick to the allocated time, typically no more than 45 minutes, to maintain audience engagement.
Content Focus:
Problem Statement:
Clearly articulate the problem you are studying and why it's significant.
Research Results:
Highlight achieved results and their importance. Explain how your work differs from prior research.
Future Steps:
Outline the remaining steps needed to complete your work.
Work Plan:
Thorough Plan:
Develop a detailed work plan outlining experiments, software development, algorithm testing, etc.
Committee Materials:
Provide a copy of your presentation to the committee in advance.
Contribution Listing:
Early and explicit listing of your contributions to differentiate from related work.
Literature Review:
In-Depth Review:
Ensure a comprehensive literature review demonstrating awareness of connected work.
Recent References:
Go beyond your initial publication; check recent conferences for related studies.
Personal Accountability:
Use of 'I':
When presenting efforts, use 'I' to clarify individual contributions.
Question Handling:
Systematic Evaluation:
Convey a clear approach for systematically evaluating your work through measurement, modeling, and user experimentation.
Fact-Based Assertions:
Back up comparative assertions with facts, avoiding vague terms like "better" or "optimal."
CRITERIA FOR A GOOD GRANT PROPOSAL
Developing a compelling grant proposal requires attention to specific criteria:
Major Criteria:
Well-Formulated Problem:
Address a well-defined problem of significance that requires special funding.
Propose research, not just the routine application of known techniques.
Good Idea with Detail:
Clearly explain the idea with sufficient detail to convince readers of its substance.
Show why the idea is excellent and relevant.
Innovation and Feasibility:
Propose an innovative, original, and feasible project.
Demonstrate the proposers' qualifications, experience, and facilities.
Potential Impact:
Explain the potential scientific and practical impact of the work.
Show how the proposal aligns with the funding agency's criteria.
Secondary Criteria:
Track Record:
Demonstrate a good track record of quality research and publication.
Highlight relevant publications by the proposers.
Balance and Industrial Interest:
Consider existing funding and balance across different research areas.
Show evidence of industrial interest or potential for future exploitation.
Technology Foresight:
Address Technology Foresight guidelines if applicable.
Align the proposal with relevant Foresight Panel studies.
Common Proposal Failures:
Lack of specificity in the research question or problem statement.
Vague relevance of the research question.
Normal application of known procedures rather than research.
Failure to demonstrate awareness of related work.
Inability to provide evidence of proposers' track record.
Overall Recommendations:
Address major and secondary criteria explicitly.
Utilize resources and tools like literature reviews, consultations, and workshops.
Seek feedback on proposals to improve quality.
Align with industry and Foresight guidelines where relevant.
OVERCOMING CHALLENGES FOR NOVICE RESEARCHERS
New researchers often face various challenges. Here's how to address common difficulties:
Time Management:
Prioritize tasks efficiently; consider time for research, work, and personal commitments.
Literature Review:
Begin with preliminary research to understand existing knowledge and identify gaps.
Seek guidance from mentors or take literature review courses.
Data Analysis:
Allocate time for collecting, cleaning, and analyzing data.
Attend workshops or use online resources for data analysis skills.
Organization and Structure:
Use tools like outlines, flowcharts, and mind maps to organize thoughts and structure the document.
Attend workshops on academic writing and document structuring.
Writing Style and Language:
Enroll in academic writing classes or workshops to understand the required style and language.
Practice writing and seek feedback for improvement.
Handling Feedback:
View feedback positively and use it for improvement.
Collaborate with peers for mutual feedback and support.
Formatting and Referencing:
Use style guides and templates provided by universities.
Seek assistance from mentors or online resources for correct formatting.
Problem Statement and Research Questions:
Collaborate with mentors and colleagues for guidance.
Conduct thorough literature reviews to identify research gaps.
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework:
Attend seminars or workshops on the study topic.
Consult with advisers to choose suitable frameworks.
Research Methodology and Design:
Assess research questions, data collection methods, and analysis approaches carefully.
Seek guidance from advisers for appropriate methodologies and designs.
Mentorship:
Seek mentorship from experienced researchers.
Form study groups or attend workshops for peer support.
Cooperation:
Collaborate with professionals for joint workshops or webinars.
Share resources and insights with colleagues in the field.
Research on Challenges:
Conduct research on common challenges faced by novice researchers.
Share findings to contribute to a supportive community.
ASSESSMENT OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL
A comprehensive assessment of a research proposal involves evaluating various key components:
Relevance:
Priority Areas: Confirm if the research aligns with designated priority areas.
Problem Importance: Assess the significance of the addressed problem.
Novelty: Examine how the research contributes new information to existing knowledge.
Operationalization: Consider how results can be applied to clinical or public health practices.
Quality of Protocol:
Introduction: Evaluate the adequacy of contextual description and rationale.
Aims: Assess clarity and specificity of stated aims.
Methods: Scrutinize the appropriateness and comprehensiveness of the proposed methods.
Analysis and Reporting: Examine the proposed analysis and reporting methods.
Feasibility:
Practicability: Evaluate the practicality of the research plan.
Researcher Experience: Consider the researchers' experience and capabilities.
Ethics:
Lawfulness: Verify that the study complies with ethical and legal standards.
Ethical Approval: Assess the stage of ethical approval and adherence to ethical guidelines.
Introduction:
Context Description: Ensure a thorough description of the study context.
Literature Review: Evaluate the adequacy of local and international literature review.
Rationale: Assess the explanation of scientific and health services rationale.
Multidisciplinary Involvement: Check for sufficient multidisciplinary involvement.
Aims:
Clarity: Assess the clarity of stated aims.
Research Questions and Hypotheses: Verify explicitness of research questions and hypotheses.
Variable Descriptions: Evaluate the clarity of variable descriptions.
Methods:
Study Design: Examine the clarity of study type(s) and scientific approach.
Answering Research Questions: Evaluate if methods are capable of answering research questions.
Standard Methods: Check for the use of standard methods and their adequate description.
Sampling: Assess the appropriateness of specimen or population selection.
Materials:
Facilities Availability: Confirm availability of necessary laboratory, computer, and survey facilities.
Instrument Adequacy: Assess the availability and suitability of scientific instruments or reagents.
Implementation:
Practicality: Examine the practicality of implementing the research study.
Participant Agreement: Assess the likelihood of obtaining participant agreement.
Collaborative Arrangements: Evaluate the potential success of collaborative arrangements.
Analysis of Information:
Analysis Strategy: Assess the clarity of the basic analysis strategy.
Method Appropriateness: Examine if the proposed analysis methods are appropriate.
Bias and Confounding: Evaluate the researchers' awareness and proposed solutions to bias and confounding.
Reporting:
Results Dissemination: Confirm if the researchers explain how results will be reported.
Scientific Review: Assess the plan for scientific review and publication.
Public Transmission: Evaluate plans for information transmission to the public.
Confidentiality: Ensure maintenance of individual information confidentiality.
Safety Measures: Assess measures for protection of physical and electronic records.
Adverse Effects Handling: Check plans for handling adverse effects and safety concerns.
ORGANIZATION OF THESIS COMPONENTS
Organize your thesis components in a structured manner:
Introduction of the Study:
Clear Introduction: Provide a clear introduction to your research.
Context Setting: Set the context for the study.
Statement of the Problem:
Clearly Defined Problem: Clearly define the problem your research addresses.
Rationale: Include the rationale behind addressing this problem.
Research Objectives:
Specific Objectives: State specific research objectives.
Alignment with Problem: Ensure alignment with the defined problem.
Research Questions:
Explicit Questions: Formulate explicit research questions.
Connection to Objectives: Ensure a connection between research questions and objectives.
Theoretical Framework:
Define Framework: Clearly define the theoretical framework guiding your research.
Conceptual Foundation: Explain the conceptual foundation of your study.
Research Methodology:
Overview: Provide an overview of your research methodology.
Clarity: Ensure clarity in describing key methodological decisions.
Literature Review:
Comprehensive Review: Conduct a comprehensive review of existing literature.
Identify Gaps: Clearly identify and articulate gaps in the literature.
Significance of the Study:
Emphasize Relevance: Emphasize the relevance and importance of your study.
Practical Implications: Discuss practical implications of your research.
Rationale of the Study:
Explain Purpose: Clearly explain the purpose and intent behind your study.
Contextualize: Contextualize your study within existing research.
Delimitations:
Set Boundaries: Clearly state the limitations and boundaries of your study.
Scope Definition: Define the scope of your research.
Research Plan (Tentative):
Work Breakdown: Provide a tentative breakdown of your research plan.
Milestones: Include milestones and key tasks in your research plan.
Working Bibliography:
Comprehensive List: Include a comprehensive list of references used in your research.
Use Reference Management: Utilize reference management tools for accuracy.
Annexure:
Supplementary Material: Include any supplementary material or documents.
Relevance: Ensure that annexures directly support your research.
OVERCOMING COMMON CHALLENGES IN ACADEMIC WRITING
To overcome common challenges in academic writing, consider the following strategies:
Time Management:
Prioritize Tasks: Efficiently prioritize tasks to balance research with other obligations.
Scheduling: Use scheduling tools to allocate dedicated time for writing.
Literature Review:
Systematic Approach: Adopt a systematic approach to reviewing literature.
Seek Guidance: Consult with mentors or peers for guidance on literature review.
Data Analysis:
Dedicated Time: Allocate dedicated time for data collection, cleaning, and analysis.
Skill Development: Enhance data analysis skills through training and workshops.
Organization and Structure:
Organization and Structure:
Use tools like outlines, flowcharts, and mind maps to organize thoughts and structure the document.
Attend workshops on academic writing and document structuring.
Writing Style and Language:
Enroll in academic writing classes or workshops to understand the required style and language.
Practice writing and seek feedback for improvement.
Handling Feedback:
View feedback positively and use it for improvement.
Collaborate with peers for mutual feedback and support.
Formatting and Referencing:
Use style guides and templates provided by universities.
Seek assistance from mentors or online resources for correct formatting.
Problem Statement and Research Questions:
Collaborate with mentors and colleagues for guidance.
Conduct thorough literature reviews to identify research gaps.
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework:
Attend seminars or workshops on the study topic.
Consult with advisers to choose suitable frameworks.
Research Methodology and Design:
Assess research questions, data collection methods, and analysis approaches carefully.
Seek guidance from advisers for appropriate methodologies and designs.
Mentorship:
Seek mentorship from experienced researchers.
Form study groups or attend workshops for peer support.
Cooperation:
Collaborate with professionals for joint workshops or webinars.
Share resources and insights with colleagues in the field.
Research on Challenges:
Conduct research on common challenges faced by novice researchers.
Share findings to contribute to a supportive community.
Qualitative Research
Research Approach
Inductive approach.
Aimed at building theories.
Subjective Perspective
Embraces a subjective approach.
Acknowledges the researcher's proximity to respondents.
Open and Flexible
Adopts an open and flexible research approach.
Data Collection
Utilizes interviews and focus groups for word-based data collection.
Sample Size
Generally draws on small sample sizes.
Data Analysis Techniques
Employs qualitative data analysis techniques (e.g., content analysis, thematic analysis).
Considerations in Choosing Methodology
Nature of research aims, objectives, and questions.
Methodological approaches in existing literature.
Practicalities and constraints.
Saunders Research Onion
Philosophy
Underlying beliefs and assumptions about reality and knowledge.
Approach
Method of conducting research (qualitative).
Strategy
Plan for collecting and analyzing data (e.g., case study, survey).
Choice of Methods
Specific techniques for collecting and analyzing data.
Time Horizon
Time frame for the research (cross-sectional or longitudinal).
Techniques of Data Collection and Analysis
Methods used for data collection and analysis (interviews, surveys, thematic analysis).
Methodology Chapter
Purpose and Function
Clearly outlines the research plan, methodologies, and methods.
Writing and Structuring
Past tense in writing the results chapter.
Use of section titles for a structured approach.
General Advice
Backing up claims with evidence.
Relevant data presentation.
Use of headings for clarity.
Qualitative Data Analysis Methods -
QDA Method # Qualitative Content Analysis
Defined research question and goal.
Grouping text into codes and summarizing.
QDA Method # Narrative Analysis
Focus on analyzing people's stories.
Consideration of small sample sizes.
Discourse Analysis
Definition of research question.
Sampling data and analysis in a social context.
Thematic Analysis
Data gathering, coding, and theme development.
Grounded Theory Analysis
Identifying population, data collection, and theory development.
Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)
Defining the phenomenon, sample preparation, and analysis.
Cautionary Note
Choosing methods aligned with research goals.
Avoiding overuse of a single method.
Discussion Chapter
Consistency with Introduction
Maintaining consistency with the introduction chapter.
Clarity in Findings
Clear and concise presentation of findings.
Research Standards
Adhering to university standards and conventions.
Conclusion Chapter
Key Objectives
Summarizing key findings and their significance.
Research Contributions
Explicitly answering research questions.
Identifying main contributions and implications.
Limitations and Recommendations
Discussing study limitations.
Providing recommendations for future research.
Tips for Crafting
Maintaining brevity and clarity.
Avoiding exaggerated claims.
Using plain and simple language.
Dissertation Components
Preliminary Pages
Title Page / Cover Page
Concise, specific, and representative of the research.
Includes broader research area, specific focus, and research design indications.
Acknowledgements
Optional but acknowledges assistance during the research process.
Brief, accurate, and appreciative.
Abstract (Executive Summary)
300-500 words summarizing research.
Addresses research questions, methodology, key findings, and study implications.
Table of Contents
Comprehensive listing of chapters and sections.
List of Figures / List of Tables
Clear listings of all figures and tables in the dissertation.
Chapters
Chapter 1: Introduction
Clearly answers fundamental questions (what, why, aims, scope, methodology).
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Synthesizes relevant literature, identifies gaps, and aligns with research.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Justifies chosen research design.
Addresses how and why aspects of research methodology.
Chapter 4: Research Findings / Results
Presents outcomes from data collection and analysis.
Chapter 5: Discussion and Analysis of Findings
Interprets data.
Relates findings to literature and research questions.
Avoids introducing new data.
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations
Summarizes research aims, objectives, and key findings.
Addresses limitations and suggests future research.
References
References
Includes comprehensive citations in the designated style.
Appendices
Appendices
Includes non-essential supporting information, labeled and linked in the body.
Does not exceed 20-30% of the total page count.
