1. Introduction to Language Varieties
Language exists in various forms, each suited to different social functions. Today, we will discuss four specific forms: jargon, argot, slang, and style.
These varieties reflect the complexities of human interaction, social groups, and cultural contexts.
2. Jargon
Definition: Specialized language used by a specific group, profession, or community. It involves technical terms and expressions that are difficult for outsiders to understand.
Examples: Medical jargon (e.g., "systolic," "tachycardia"), legal jargon ("habeas corpus," "litigation"), and computer jargon ("cookies," "URL").
Purpose: Jargon allows for precision and efficiency within a specific field. It enables members of a profession or community to communicate complex ideas clearly.
Potential Issues: Jargon can alienate people outside of the group. It may hinder communication if not explained or adapted for broader understanding.
3. Argot
Definition: A specialized language or set of expressions used by a particular group, often associated with subcultures or illicit activities. It is used to exclude outsiders or protect privacy.
Examples: Criminal argot (e.g., "boost" for steal, "mark" for target), or the argot of certain underground movements.
Purpose: Argot serves as a tool for creating group solidarity, hiding meaning from outsiders, and maintaining secrecy.
Difference from Jargon: While jargon is used in professional or formal contexts, argot is more often associated with informal or covert communication.
4. Slang
Definition: Informal, non-standard words or phrases often associated with youth culture or social movements.
Examples: "Lit" (amazing), "vibe" (mood or feeling), "chill" (relax or calm down).
Characteristics: Slang is often playful, innovative, and constantly evolving. It is typically used to express solidarity within a peer group and can be regional, generational, or trend-driven.
Purpose: Slang creates a sense of belonging and identity within a group, but can also create barriers for outsiders who do not understand the terms.
Caution: Overusing slang can make speech sound informal or unprofessional, especially in formal or serious contexts.
5. Style
Definition: Style refers to the variation in language use depending on the social context, purpose, and audience. It includes the level of formality, tone, and vocabulary choices.
Examples: A person may use a formal, precise style in a business meeting and a casual, relaxed style with friends. A writer may choose a narrative style in a novel and an academic style in a research paper.
Register: A closely related concept, register refers to the level of formality or informality in language. For example, "standard" or "formal" language can contrast with "informal" or "colloquial" speech.
Impact of Style: Style reflects social identity and the relationship between speaker and listener. It signals authority, respect, familiarity, or intimacy.
6. Discussion: Jargon vs. Slang
Activity: In pairs or small groups, identify a piece of jargon or slang you use in your daily life. Explain it to the class and discuss whether it would be understood by someone outside your social group.
Points to consider:
What are the social contexts in which you use it?
How does this type of language define or influence your social identity?
7. Summary of Key Points
Jargon: Specialized language used by professionals to communicate efficiently.
Argot: Specialized language used by subcultures or groups for secrecy or solidarity.
Slang: Informal, evolving language that fosters group identity but can exclude outsiders.
Style: Variation in language use according to social context, audience, and purpose.
